Optical laser guidance system and method

ABSTRACT

A method of guiding a vehicle comprises sensing a position of a laser beam using a laser sensor and receiving a signal from the laser sensor wherein the signal is representative of the position of the laser beam. The method further includes interpreting the signal, generating a control signal in response to the laser beam being greater than a predetermined distance from a predetermined reference position and wherein the control signal is configured to control the vehicle to track the position of the laser beam. The method additionally comprises sending the control signal to a drive actuator.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of and claims priority to U.S.application Ser. No. 10/986,292 filed on Nov. 12, 2004 and entitledOPTICAL LASER GUIDANCE APPARATUS SYSTEM AND METHOD, the entire contentsof which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to vehicle guidance systems.More particularly, the present disclosure relates to optical laser-basednavigation and control systems for robotic manufacturing devices.

BACKGROUND

Although scientists anticipated years ago that automated machines, orrobots, could be designed to perform myriad tasks in the place ofhumans, and the general expectation that robots one day should performthe majority of mundane physical tasks has become ubiquitous, therealization of this vision has been slow to develop. Even with theprominence of the modern microprocessor, many difficulties have yet tobe overcome before robotic machines will be capable of performing commontasks easily performed by humans. Nevertheless, significant advancementshave been made in this area of technology, particularly with regards toapplication-specific robotic machines developed to perform specializedtasks in mass-production or high-precision manufacturing processes.

While stationary robots with multi-jointed appendages may be programmedto execute specific movements within a limited area, or such robots maybe transported about an extended area by a gantry, the development offree-roaming robotic machines capable of navigating their way over avariety of different surfaces has proven more difficult. Mobile robotsdepend on the advancement of technology in the area of automatic guidedvehicles (AGVs). A number of navigation schemes for such vehicles havemet with limited success, based on technologies such as gyroscopes,magnetic sensors, wheel encoders, radio transponder sensors, the GlobalPositioning System (GPS), or laser reflectors.

Unfortunately, each of these systems fails to provide a cost effectivesolution with the required accuracy and response time. For example, someexisting systems present response-time difficulties due to thecomplexity of the required real-time calculations. These difficultiesare compounded when three-dimensional, as opposed to two-dimensional,navigation and control is contemplated. Other systems do not providesufficient accuracy for applications that require increased precision,such as certain manufacturing processes. Furthermore, existingpositioning and navigation systems may be cost prohibitive.

Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a method and apparatus for thenavigation and control of a vehicle that provides a high degree ofpositional accuracy, while limiting the quantity and complexity ofreal-time calculations necessary to determine and correct the positionof the vehicle, in two-dimensions as well as in three-dimensions, allwithout incurring excessive costs.

SUMMARY

The foregoing needs are met, to a great extent, by the presentdisclosure, wherein in one aspect an apparatus and method are providedthat in some embodiments provide laser-based navigational guidance andcontrol of a vehicle, such as a robot, with a high degree of positionalaccuracy, while limiting the quantity and complexity of real-timecalculations necessary to determine and correct the position of thevehicle, in two-dimensions as well as in three-dimensions, by tracking alaser beam projected from a remote source.

In accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure, an opticallaser guidance system includes a laser sensor to sense the position of alaser beam and responsively generate a position signal. The system alsoincludes a vehicle drive actuator. The laser sensor and the vehicledrive actuator are linked to a controller, which receives the positionsignal and controls the vehicle drive actuator in response to theposition signal.

In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a methodfor enabling a controller to guide a vehicle based on input regardingthe position of a sensed laser beam includes receiving a signal from alaser sensor, the signal being representative of the position of a laserbeam and interpreting the representative signal. The method alsoincludes generating a control signal to control a vehicle to track theposition of the laser beam, and sending the control signal to a vehicledrive actuator.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the present disclosure, amethod for creating a vehicle guidepath includes determining a sequenceof directions in which sequentially to point a laser beam in order todynamically create a vehicle guidepath. The method further includesgenerating a control signal for sequentially pointing a laser source ina sequence of directions to dynamically create the vehicle guidepath andsending the control signal to the laser source. Furthermore, the methodincludes sequentially pointing the laser beam in the sequence ofdirections so as dynamically to create the vehicle guidepath.

In still another aspect in accordance with the present disclosure, anoptical laser guidance system includes means for determining a sequenceof directions in which sequentially to point a laser beam in order todynamically create a vehicle guidepath. The laser guidance system alsoincludes means for generating a first control signal for sequentiallypointing a laser source in a sequence of directions to dynamicallycreate the vehicle guidepath and means for sending the control signal tothe laser source. Additionally, the laser guidance system includes meansfor sequentially pointing a laser beam in a sequence of directions so asdynamically to create the vehicle guidepath, and means for means forreceiving a signal from a laser sensor, the signal being representativeof the position of a laser beam, as well as means for interpreting therepresentative signal. Furthermore, the laser guidance system includesmeans for generating a second control signal to control a vehicle totrack the position of the laser beam, and means for sending the secondcontrol signal to a vehicle drive actuator.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the present disclosure, acomputer program product for enabling a controller to guide a vehiclebased on input regarding the position of a detected laser beam. Thecomputer program product comprises software instructions for enabling acontroller to perform predetermined operations and a computer readablemedium bearing the software instructions. The predetermined operationsinclude receiving a signal from a laser sensor, the signal beingrepresentative of the position of a laser beam, interpreting therepresentative signal, generating a control signal to control a vehicleto track the position of the laser beam, and sending the control signalto a vehicle drive actuator. As a result, the controller is enabled tocontrol the vehicle in order to track the position of the laser beam.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the present disclosure, acomputer program product for enabling a computer to cause a laser sourceto create a vehicle guidepath. The computer program product comprisessoftware instructions for enabling a controller to perform predeterminedoperations and a computer readable medium bearing the softwareinstructions. The predetermined operations include determining asequence of directions in which sequentially to point a laser beam inorder to dynamically create a vehicle guidepath, generating a controlsignal for sequentially pointing a laser source in a sequence ofdirections to dynamically create the vehicle guidepath, and sending thecontrol signal to the laser source. As a result, the computer processoris enabled to control the laser source to dynamically create the vehicleguidepath.

There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, certain embodiments of thedisclosure in order that the detailed description thereof herein may bebetter understood, and in order that the present contribution to the artmay be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional embodimentsof the disclosure that will be described below and which will form thesubject matter of the claims appended hereto.

In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of thedisclosure in detail, it is to be understood that the disclosure is notlimited in its application to the details of construction and to thearrangements of the components set forth in the following description orillustrated in the drawings. The disclosure is capable of embodiments inaddition to those described and of being practiced and carried out invarious ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology andterminology employed herein, as well as the abstract, are for thepurpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.

As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conceptionupon which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as a basisfor the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carryingout the several purposes of the present disclosure. It is important,therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalentconstructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope ofthe present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an optical laser guidance system according to apreferred embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates an optical laser guidance system according to analternative preferred embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates a system architecture for a controller compatiblewith the optical laser guidance system of FIG. 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosure will now be described with reference to the drawingfigures, in which like reference numerals refer to like partsthroughout. A preferred embodiment in accordance with the presentdisclosure, illustrated in FIG. 1, provides an optical laser guidancesystem 10 that includes a laser source 12 and an associated processor14, a laser sensor 16 mounted on a vehicle, two drive actuators—a drivewheel actuator 18 and a steering actuator 20—attached to the vehicle,and an associated controller 22.

In this embodiment, a laser beam is projected in a manner so as todelineate a guidepath corresponding to a contoured surface 24, and thelaser sensor 16 detects the location of the laser beam, which may becontinuous or pulsed. As used herein, a guidepath represents a projectedcurvilinear path through space that provides navigational guidance for avehicle. A guidepath may lie on or correspond to a two-dimensional orthree dimensional surface, or may be independent of any surface. Theprocessor 14 determines the location of the laser beam with respect to apredetermined reference position, and generates a control signal tocommand the steering actuator 20 in order to cause the vehicle to trackthe projected guidepath. This embodiment of the present disclosure thusprovides navigational guidance and control of a vehicle by tracking alaser beam projected from a remote source.

Another embodiment of the present apparatus is illustrated in FIG. 2,which illustrates an example of an optical laser guidance system 52.This embodiment includes a laser sensor 16 and an associated interfacecontrol module 26. This embodiment also includes two drive actuators: adrive servo motor 28, a steering servo motor 30, each of which iselectronically linked to a controller 22. In addition, this embodimentincludes an end-effector servo motor 32, or actuator, which iselectronically linked to the controller 22. The laser sensor 16 andassociated interface control module 26 also are linked to the controller22.

In this embodiment, the drive servo motor 28 and the steering servomotor 30, respectively, are mechanically coupled to a drive system,including a drive mechanism and a steering mechanism on a vehicle. Thedrive mechanism includes any suitable device or combination of devicescapable of propelling the vehicle, such as a drivable wheel or multipledrivable wheels, a drivable track or multiple drivable tracks, or thelike. Likewise, the steering mechanism includes suitable any device orcombination of devices capable of changing the vehicle direction oftravel, such as a steerable wheel or multiple steerable wheels, or adifferential velocity of multiple wheels or tracks, or the like.

The end-effector servo motor 32 is mechanically coupled to a roboticend-effector, for example, a manufacturing tool, such as a tapelamination material dispensing head. An example of such a device isdisclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/437,067, VacuumAssisted Ply Placement Shoe and Method, Ledet et al., filed May 14,2003. The term “end-effector” is used herein to refer to any mechanismor device that may be attached to a vehicle or robot to perform someuseful function, such as a manufacturing process or a non-manufacturingtask, including welding, cutting, drilling, cleaning, painting,handling, transporting, etc.

In this embodiment, a laser beam projected from an external source todelineate a guidepath is detected by the laser sensor 16, whichgenerates an electrical signal representative of the location of thelaser beam. This signal is sent to the interface control module 26,which conditions the signal and sends it to the controller 22. Thecontroller 22 performs an algorithm to determine the location of thelaser beam with respect to a predetermined reference position relativeto the laser sensor 16.

In response to the laser beam being greater than a predetermineddistance from the reference position, the controller 22 uses thedistance between the laser beam and the reference position, and thedirection (left or right) from the reference position to the laser beamto generate an appropriate electrical steering control signal, which issent to the steering servo motor 30 and causes the steering servo motor30 to rotate to a specific angular position, proportionate to thedistance between the reference position and the laser beam, resulting inthe steerable wheel being oriented at a specific angle in the directionthat correctively adjusts the path of the vehicle toward the guidepath.By continually adjusting the steering control signal, the controller 22causes the vehicle to track the projected laser beam.

The example laser sensor 16 shown in FIG. 2 is a linear laser receivercomprising a photodiode array, of the type commonly used in gradercontrol systems in the construction industry. In these systems, an arrayof photosensitive cells has been implemented as a proportional laserreceiver to recognize the height at which a projected laser beam strikesthe array with respect to a predetermined reference height on the array.In these systems, a laser beam is projected at a predetermined heightfrom the desired grade level on a construction site, and laser receiversare attached at that height from the lower edge of the grader blade.During grading operations, the grade level is manually or automaticallyadjusted in response to the difference between the laser beam height andthe reference height in order to maintain the correct grade level.

An embodiment of the present disclosure incorporates the ApacheTechnologies BULLSEYE® 5MC proportional laser receiver. Nevertheless, itwill be appreciated that any photodetector with sufficient accuracy tobe suitable for the vehicle application may be substituted for the lasersensor 16. This includes any suitable device with one or morephotosensitive or photoactive arrays. For example, an embodiment of thedisclosure may implement a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera or amachine vision system as the laser sensor 16.

The laser sensor 16 may be linear or proportional, and provideone-dimensional positional feedback regarding the incidence of the laserbeam upon the array (for example, up and down, or right and left), ormay provide two-dimensional positional feedback (for example, right andleft, as well as fore and aft). In an embodiment, three of the fourlinear photosensitive arrays in a 360° proportional laser receiver aredisabled, and the single remaining photosensitive array on one face ofthe laser receiver is utilized to detect the incident laser beam. Inaddition, the photosensitive array is covered by a red-light filterpane, with an abraded texture finish, to control the color spectrum andrefractive diffusion of the projected laser beam. The light-filteringpane also enhances the performance of the photosensitive array byminimizing effects caused by ambient sources.

In some preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, the interfacecontrol module 26 conditions the positional feedback signal from thelaser sensor 16 as appropriate for compatibility between the specificlaser sensor 16 employed and the controller 22. In some embodiments ofthe disclosure, a commercially available control box made for use withthe specific laser receiver is employed.

For example, in a particular embodiment of the disclosure the ApacheTechnologies Model 24 control box is employed with modifications toprovide the desired functionality. In this embodiment, the interfacecontrol module 26 effectively divides the utilized array ofphotosensitive diodes into fifteen segments, or bands, across the array.One segment is in the center of the array, or in the center of the laserreceiver. In addition, seven bands lie on either side of the centersegment. The interface control module 26 provides the user with thecapability to vary the effective width of the segments, or bands, thusvarying the precision of the positional signal as well as the overallwidth of the active portion of the photosensitive array. In addition,the interface control module 26 provides the capability to adjust therefresh rate of the output signal, that is, the frequency with which theoutput signal is updated.

In other embodiments, depending upon the particular laser sensor 16 andcontroller 22 employed in the embodiment, a different interface controlmodule 26 may be included. In yet other embodiments, where the lasersensor 16 and controller 22 include all the appropriate functionalityfor complete interface compatibility, the interface control module 26 isoptional and thus is omitted without any effect on the overallfunctionality of the system.

A schematic diagram of a suitable controller 22 is shown in FIG. 3. Thiscontroller 22 includes a processor 34, a memory 36, and three servodrive amplifiers 38, 40, and 42, corresponding to the drive servo motor28, steering servo motor 30, and end-effector servo motor 32,respectively. The controller 22 also includes four input/output (I/O)ports 44, 46, 48, and 50 corresponding to the three servo driveamplifiers 38, 40, and 42 and to the processor 34, respectively.

The controller 22 may further include a user interface, such as adisplay or monitor, or keys or buttons, to communicate information to auser and accept user input, for example, by way of an interactive,menu-driven, visual display-based user interface. Various embodiments ofthe disclosure include any number of suitable functional user interfaceschemes, with or without the use of an integral visual display device orbuttons or keys, including a voice-activated system.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a computer programincluding instructions for processing input signals from the lasersensor 16 and generating control signals for the drive wheel actuator18, steering actuator 20, and end-effector actuator 32 is downloaded byway of the I/O port 50 into the controller 22 from a personal computeror other device capable of reading object code from a computer-readablemedium and transmitting it to the controller 22, and the program isstored in the memory 36. The processor 34 executes the program, whichperforms an algorithm to determine the direction (left or right) and thedistance from the center of the laser receiver array to the laser beam,and to generate a responsive control signal, which is sent to thesteering servo drive amplifier 40. The steering servo drive amplifier 40amplifies the control signal and transmits the resultant steeringcontrol signal to the steering servo motor 30 by way of the I/O port 46.

The behavior of the vehicle or robot may be modified by changing certainparameters in the program, such as the amount of time the program is torun, the length of the course to be traveled or the speed at which thevehicle is to operate. In some embodiments, these parameters may bechanged by modifying the computer program. In alternative embodiments,the program may request user input at the start of the program to setthese parameters. In still other alternative embodiments, the programmay give the user the choice to enter certain parameters or to usepreprogrammed default parameters.

In still another preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, inaddition to the projected laser guidepath the laser sensor 16 may alsoreceive optical control messages. For example, the laser sensor 16 mayintermittently receive the guidepath along with an optical controlmessage in the form of a predetermined symbol, bar code or shape, inaccordance with the capability of the laser sensor 16 to distinguishsymbols, bar codes or shapes, on a portion of the laser sensor 16 remotefrom the central area where the guidepath generally is received. Thecontroller 22 may be programmed to recognize a variety of such opticalcontrol messages and responsively generate control signals foradditional functionality of the vehicle or robot.

As a specific example, in the optical laser guidance system 52 shown inFIG. 2, the controller 22 may be programmed to produce steering controlsignals in response to positional feedback signals representing thecenter segment of the laser receiver's photosensitive array and five ofthe seven bands on either side. In this example, the controller 22 mayfurther be programmed to generate additional control signals based onpositional feedback received from the two bands at either extreme of thephotosensitive array. Thus, at some point during operation the laserbeam momentarily is aimed at one of these outer four bands to commandthe vehicle or robot to perform a predetermined function, such as driveforward, drive in reverse, stop, raise or lower the end-effector, or thelike.

As a specific example, in response to positional feedback representativeof the extreme (seventh) band to the right of center, the controller 22could be programmed to generate a control signal to send to theend-effector servo drive amplifier 42 to raise a tape laminationmaterial dispensing head. The servo drive amplifier 42 would amplify thecontrol signal and transmit the resultant end-effector control signal tothe end-effector servo motor 32 by way of the I/O port 48 to raise thetape lamination material dispensing head to a predetermined position.

Likewise, the remaining bands, or segments, of the laser receiver arraythat are not utilized for steering control may be assigned additionalindividual control messages, in response to which the controller 22 maybe programmed to command additional functions in accordance with thecapabilities of the drive wheel actuator 18, the steering actuator 20,the end-effector actuator 32, as well as the mechanisms attached to eachof these.

In alternative embodiments of the present disclosure, other controlmessage schemes may be programmed into the controller 22 in accordancewith the capabilities of the specific laser sensor 16 employed in anembodiment to recognize and distinguish such control messages. Likewise,other alternative embodiments of the disclosure may incorporate multiplelaser sensors linked to the controller 22 to receive additionalpositional signals or control messages.

Although the end-effector actuator 32 in one preferred embodiment iscoupled to a tape lamination material dispensing head, it will beappreciated that in alternative embodiments of the disclosure, any otherdevice could be coupled to the end-effector actuator 32 in place of thetape lamination material dispensing head. For example, the end-effectorcould comprise a drill attachment, or a milling machine attachment, or apaint applicator, or any other manufacturing tool or any deviceconfigured to perform a non-manufacturing process. Furthermore, inaccordance with the specific end-effector employed in a givenembodiment, the controller 22 may be configured to controlelectromechanical devices other than servo motors and such devices maybe incorporated in various embodiments of the present disclosure asrequired to interface with and control the function of the specificend-effector employed.

Furthermore, while the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2 shows a singleend-effector servo motor 32, alternative embodiments could compriseadditional servo motors for additional end-effector mechanisms. Thus, anembodiment of the present disclosure may comprise multipleend-effectors, such as a drill attachment, a milling machine attachment,and a paint applicator, all linked to the controller 22 and attached tothe vehicle or robot.

Additionally, still other embodiments in accordance with the presentdisclosure may include a controller 22 comprising one, two, or more thanthree servo drive amplifiers configured to drive one, two or more thanthree servo motors. Moreover, an embodiment of the present disclosuremay incorporate multiple controllers, each including multiple servodrive amplifiers. Combining multiple controllers with multiple lasersensors in alternative embodiments of the present disclosure, any numberof servo motors may be simultaneously controlled on a single vehicle orrobot, or on multiple vehicles or robots.

Although an example of the optical laser guidance system 52 is shown inFIG. 2 using an independent controller 22, it will be appreciated thatsome or all of the functionality of the controller 22 may be performedby an external, additional or substitute computer processor, including apersonal computer linked to the controller 22. In some preferredembodiments of the disclosure, the controller 22 includes acommunication port 50 and a corresponding external connector forcoupling to a personal computer, which may be used to download softwareto the controller 22 or may replace or add to the functionality of thecontroller 22.

In some preferred embodiments, a user may enter manual commands using apersonal computer linked to the controller 22. In response to suchmanual commands, the controller 22 may generate an appropriate controlsignal to send to one of the servo motors 16, 18, and 20. For example,in a preferred embodiment, a user may enter a manual command to causethe vehicle or robot to start or stop, to drive forward or in reverse,or to cause an end-effector to perform some task, such as to raise orlower the end-effector. In response, the personal computer sends acommand signal to the controller 22, which generates a resultant controlsignal to cause the drive servo motor 16 to rotate in either directionat a specified or predetermined speed, or to cause the end-effectorservo motor 32 to rotate.

In another preferred embodiment of the present apparatus and method, thepreviously described components illustrated in FIG. 2 are combined witha laser source 12, as illustrated in FIG. 1. In this embodiment, thelaser source 12 includes a laser projector linked to a processor 14. Theprocessor 14 executes an algorithm that determines a sequence ofdirections in which to point a laser beam in order to sequentiallyproject a guidepath or an optical control message, and generates a laserprojector control signal. For example, in a preferred embodiment of thedisclosure, the processor 14 generates the laser projector controlsignal in response to a data file generated by a guidepath programmingalgorithm. The laser projector receives this control signal andresponsively projects a laser beam at a specific location along theguidepath for a brief moment, then at another location along theguidepath for another brief moment, and so on, at a frequency such thatthe resulting guidepath appears to be continuous, in a manner analogousto a motion picture made from a sequence of still-frame photographs.

An example of a suitable laser projector for use with the laser guidancesystem 10 is a Virtek LaserEdge® projection system, which was developedfor use in manufacturing processes to project two- and three-dimensionalmanufacturing templates onto work surfaces. In systems of this type, acomputer processor controls a single precision laser beam by way of acombination of mirrors, which is sequentially projected, or scanned,onto a work surface to produce a highly accurate, visible outline of atwo-dimensional or three-dimensional design template, replacingtraditional physical masks or templates. In order to ensure reproducibleaccuracy in these systems, laser reflectors are placed on the work pieceor manufacturing tooling and the angles of the reflected laser beams areused to determine the precise location of the laser projector withrespect to the work surface.

In addition, this type of laser projection system may be programmed toproject written instructions onto the surface of the work piece ormanufacturing tooling. Precision laser templating and positioning ofthis sort has been used extensively in aerospace and transportationsystem manufacturing, particularly in the fabrication of compositecomponents, as well as in the manufacture of prefabricated constructioncomponents, such as prefabricated roof segments, door and wall panels,and floor trusses.

A projection system of this type is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.5,381,258, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by referencein its entirety. However, any laser projection system capable ofprojecting a two-dimensional guidepath, or any laser projection systemcapable of projecting a three-dimensional guidepath would suffice forthe purposes of the laser projector in an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

In some embodiments, the guidepath may be two-dimensional, that is, theguidepath may correspond to a planar surface; or it may bethree-dimensional, for example, corresponding to a contoured surface,such as that of a manufacturing work piece or tooling. In addition, theguidepath may lie on the actual physical surface upon which the vehicleor robot travels, or it may lie a distance above the surfacecorresponding to the height and orientation of the laser sensor 16 whenmounted on the vehicle.

It is an advantage of certain preferred embodiments of the presentdisclosure that a guidepath programming algorithm accounts for lateralas well as vertical offset in the location of the laser sensor 16 withrespect to the surface path of the vehicle and incorporates the offsetinformation into a guidepath data file, which is converted into a formatcompatible with the processor 14. For example, in an embodiment whereinthe laser beam is directly received or intercepted by the laser sensor16, the guidepath programming algorithm accounts for the orientation ofthe vehicle and the resulting position of the laser sensor 16 at anygiven point along the guidepath or the vehicle path. This functionalityis particularly useful in an embodiment wherein the configuration of thebase of the vehicle and the local contour of the traveled surface attimes result in a laser sensor 16 orientation that does not correspondto a line normal to a point on the traveled surface corresponding to theguidepath or the vehicle path.

Since the guidepath is not a continuous projection, but rather ahigh-frequency sequential projection of individual points or dots, thelaser projector may be programmed to simultaneously project graphicalcodes, or optical control messages in addition to the guidepath. In thiscase, the processor 14 commands the laser projector to intermittentlyproject the laser beam at a remote portion of the laser sensor 16, so asto be distinguished from the guidepath itself, forming graphic symbolsor shapes that the controller 22 is programmed to recognize andinterpret.

Although an example of the laser source 12 is shown in FIG. 1 using anindividual laser projector, it will be appreciated that multiple laserprojectors may be used to cover a larger area. Thus, in alternativeembodiments any number of individual laser projectors may be connectedin series or in parallel to effectively project a guidepath over an areaof virtually any size.

In yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, a rotating lasermay be used to project a two-dimensional guidepath. This simplifiedlaser source 12 does not require computer processing, and thus mayoperate independent of a processor.

Although the example processor 14 shown in FIG. 1 represents a commonpersonal computer (PC), it will be appreciated that in other embodimentsthe processor 14 may include any suitable data processing system, suchas a server, a collection of networked servers or personal computers, amainframe computer, etc. Furthermore, in some embodiments thefunctionality of both the processor 14 and the controller 22 could becombined in a single computer linked to each the laser sensor 16, theactuators 18, 20, and 32 and the laser source 12.

Likewise, it will be appreciated that the processing functions performedby the processor 14 could equally be performed in alternativeembodiments by a computer system with peripheral devices, such as anassociated keyboard, mouse, and monitor, or by a computer system with noassociated peripheral devices. Moreover, the processing functionsperformed by the processor 14 could in some embodiments be performed byan embedded system included in the laser projector.

In addition, although the various examples of communication links inFIG. 1, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 are shown using direct cable connections, itwill be appreciated that other embodiments may incorporate anycombination of devices, as well as any associated software or firmware,configured to couple processor-based systems, including modems, networkinterface cards, serial buses, parallel buses, LAN or WAN interfaces,wireless or optical interfaces and the like, along with any associatedtransmission protocols, as may be desired or required by the design.

Moreover, any of the communication links shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2 or FIG.3 could in alternative embodiments be replaced or complemented by acommunication network comprising any viable combination of devices andsystems capable of linking computer-based systems, including a privatenetwork; a public network; a local area network (LAN); a wide areanetwork (WAN); an Ethernet-based system; a token ring; the Internet; anintranet or extranet; a value-added network; a telephony-based system,including T1 or E1 devices; an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network;a wired system; a wireless system; an optical system; a combination ofany number of distributed processing networks or systems; etc.

The many features and advantages of the disclosure are apparent from thedetailed specification, and thus, it is intended by the appended claimsto cover all such features and advantages of the disclosure which fallwithin the true spirit and scope of the disclosure. Further, sincenumerous modifications and variations will readily occur to thoseskilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the disclosure to theexact construction and operation illustrated and described, andaccordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resortedto, falling within the scope of the disclosure.

1. A method of guiding a vehicle, comprising the steps of: sensing a position of a laser beam using a laser sensor, the laser beam being projected along a guidepath; receiving a signal from the laser sensor, the signal being representative of the position of the laser beam; interpreting the signal; generating a control signal in response to the laser beam being greater than a predetermined distance from a predetermined reference position relative to the laser sensor, the control signal being configured to control the vehicle to track the position of the laser beam; and sending the control signal to a drive actuator.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of generating the control signal in response to the laser beam being greater than a predetermined distance from a predetermined reference position comprises using the distance between the laser beam and the reference position to generate the control signal.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of generating the control signal in response to the laser beam being greater than a predetermined distance from a predetermined reference position comprises using the direction from the reference position to the laser beam to generate the control signal.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the drive actuator is coupled to a drive mechanism, the method further comprising the step of: causing the drive mechanism to propel the vehicle.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the drive actuator is coupled to a steering mechanism, the method further comprising the step of: rotating the steering mechanism to a specific angle in a direction that adjusts a path of the vehicle toward the guidepath.
 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of: adjusting the control signal continually to cause the vehicle to track the laser beam.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the vehicle includes an end-effector for performing at least one of a manufacturing process and a non-manufacturing task.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the end-effector is configured as a tape lamination material dispensing head.
 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of: receiving an optical control message at the laser sensor; recognizing the optical control message; and generating a control signal.
 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising the step of: commanding the vehicle to perform a predetermined function in response to the control signal, the predetermined function including at least one of the following: drive forward, drive in reverse, stop, raise or lower an end-effector.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the end-effector is configured as a tape lamination material dispensing head, the method further comprising the step of: raising the tape lamination material dispensing head to a predetermined position.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the guidepath corresponds to a three-dimensional surface.
 13. A method of creating a guidepath for a vehicle, comprising the steps of: determining a sequence of directions in which sequentially to point a laser beam to create the guidepath; generating a control signal for sequentially pointing a laser source in the sequence of directions; sending the control signal to the laser source; and pointing the laser beam sequentially in the sequence of directions so as to create the guidepath.
 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising the step of: projecting a control message.
 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising the step of: projecting the laser beam intermittently at a remote portion of a laser sensor so as to distinguish the control message from the guidepath.
 16. The method of claim 14 further comprising the step of: determining a sequence of directions in which to sequentially point the laser beam in order to optically transmit the control message to a laser sensor.
 17. The method of claim 13 further comprising the steps of: accounting for lateral offset and vertical offset of a laser sensor with respect to a surface path of the vehicle.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the step of accounting for lateral offset and vertical offset of the laser sensor with respect to the surface path of the vehicle further comprises the step of: accounting for an orientation of the vehicle and a resulting position of the laser sensor at any point along the guidepath.
 19. The method of claim 13 wherein the guidepath corresponds to a three-dimensional surface.
 20. A method for creating a guidepath for a vehicle having an end-effector, comprising the steps of: determining a sequence of directions in which sequentially to point a laser beam to create the guidepath; generating a control signal for sequentially pointing a laser source in the sequence of directions, the laser source being remote from the vehicle; sending the control signal to the laser source; pointing the laser beam sequentially in the sequence of directions so as to create the guidepath; sensing a position of the laser beam at a laser sensor mounted on the vehicle; receiving a signal from the laser sensor, the signal being representative of the position of the laser beam relative to the laser sensor; and generating a control signal in response to the laser beam being located greater than a predetermined distance from a predetermined reference position relative to the laser sensor, the control signal being configured to control the vehicle to track the position of the laser beam.
 21. The method of claim 20 further comprising the step of: adjusting the control signal continually to cause the vehicle to track the laser beam.
 22. The method of claim 20 further comprising the step of: projecting the laser beam intermittently at a remote portion of the laser sensor so as to distinguish a control message from the guidepath.
 23. The method of claim 22 further comprising the step of: commanding the vehicle to perform a predetermined function in response to the control signal, the predetermined function including at least one of the following: drive forward, drive in reverse, stop, raise or lower the end-effector.
 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the end-effector is configured to perform at least one of a manufacturing process and a non-manufacturing task.
 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the end-effector is configured as a tape lamination material dispensing head, the method further comprising the step of: raising the tape lamination material dispensing head to a predetermined position. 